NURSING THEORISTS VIEWS ON PERSON, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND NURSING

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE:

• HEALTH- health is not only to well, but to be able to use well being power we have.
• ENVIRONMENT- anything that can be manipulated to place a patient in the best possible condition for nature to act.
• PERSON- the one who is receiving the care, dynamic, complex being. Physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual components.
• NURSING- science of environment management, nurses uses common sense, observation and ingenuity to allow nature to be effectively repair the patient.

VIRGINIA HENDERSON

1.  ENVIRONMENT – all external conditions and influences that affect life and development

2.  PERSON- individual requiring assistance to achieve health and independence or peaceful death. Mind and body are inseparable.

3.  HEALTH – equated with independence, viewed in terms of the client’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided. Nurses needs to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of disease. Health is affected by age, cultural background, physical and intellectual capacities and emotional balance.

4.  NURSING- Assists and supports the individual in life activities and attainment of independence. PURPOSE: to assist the client in gaining independence as rapidly as possible.” I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, will and knowledge, but I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her ASAP.

FAYE  GLEN ABDELLAH

1. ENVIRONMENT – society is included in planning for optimum health on local state, national, and international levels. The environment is the home or community for which patient comes.
2. PERSON- people as having physical, emotional and sociological needs. Patient is described as the only justification for the existence of nursing. Individuals and families are the recipient of nursing.
3. HEALTH – total health needs and healthy state of mind and body .
4. NURSING – is a helping profession. Nursing are broadly grouped into the 21 nsg problem areas to guide care and promote use if nursing judgment.  as comprehensive service that is based of art and science and ims to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.

DOROTHY JOHNSON

1.  ENVIRONMENT – relates to the environment of which the individual exists. An individual’s behavior is influenced by the events in the environment.

2. PERSON- a human being having two major systems, biological systems and behavioral system. Nursing focus on the behavior; Medicine focus on the biological system.

3.  HEALTH – is a purposeful adaptive response, physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially to internal and external stimuli in order to maintain stability and comfort.

4.  NURSING- has s primary goal that is to foster equilibrium within the individual. Major focus is to maintain balance in the behavioral system when illness occurs in the individual.

IMOGENE KING

1. ENVIRONMENT – background for human interactions. It involves : internal environment and external environment
2. PERSON- is social being who is rational and sentient. Ability to perceive, think, feel, choose, set goals, and make decisions.
3. HEALTH – involves dynamic life experiences of a human being which implies continuous adjustment to stressors in internal and external environment. Through the optimum use of one’s resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living.
4. NURSING – A process of action, reaction, interaction by which the nurse and client share information about their perception in nursing situation. 

MADELEINE LEININGER

1. ENVIRONMENT- world view, social structure is closely related to  concept of culture.
2. PERSON- referred to as human being, caring and capable of being concerned to others.
3. HEALTH – viewed as state of well being
4. NURSING – as a learned humanistic art and science that focuses on personalized behavior, functions, processes to promote and maintain health or recovery from illness. Uses 3 modes of nursing action
• culture  care preservation or maintenance,
• culture care accommodation or negotiation
• culture care restructuring

 MYRA LEVINE

1. ENVIRONMENT – Completes the wholeness of the individual. The individual has both an internal and external environment.
2. PERSON – Is a holistic being who constantly strives to preserve wholeness and integrity .
3. HEALTH – the avenue of return to the daily activities compromised by ill health. Patterns of adaptive change.
4. NURSING – Involves engaging human interactions

BETTY NEUMAN

1. ENVIRONMENT – seen as the totality of the internal and external forces which surround a person and with which they interact at any given time.
2. PERSON – layered multidimentional physical/physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, spiritual
3. HEALTH – as being equated with wellness, conditions in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole client.
4. NURSING – a unique profession  that is concerned with all the variables which influence the response a person might have to stressor.